cho Dong Xuan tai Duc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1eddi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950; s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1973, khi h\u1ecd h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa trong 10 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. N\u0103m 1980, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t; gi\u1eefa 1987 v\u00e0 1989[3]\/ Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c xem c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1edf t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ngh\u00e8o trong kh\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a[9]. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mozambique, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c[13]. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 2.482 trong n\u0103m 1980, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn 59.053 trong n\u0103m 1989, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m 1987 v\u00e0 1988[14]. H\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Karl-Marx-Stadt, Dresden, Erfurt, \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin v\u00e0 Leipzig[15]. Theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c 5 n\u0103m, sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng[3].<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng M 400\/th\u00e1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea5y 12%, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng\u2014ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e1y may, xe \u0111\u1ea1p, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng\u2014thay v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t v\u00ec l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t. Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n: h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u t\u00fa t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed1c, thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd r\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c hay h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1edf t\u1ea1i[16]. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em t\u1eeb hai n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau; th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 thai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1 thai[17]. \u0110\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb c\u0103m gh\u00e9t v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng[15]. M\u1eb7t d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e1y may g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 may \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 b\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng[14].<\/p>\n
Sau th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/b><\/p>\n
Sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M3.000 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u kh\u00e1c xin t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n[3]. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho l\u1eafm, v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd; tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea7n 40% b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n[18].<\/p>\n
C\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1992 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di-gan t\u1eeb Rom\u00e2nia, v\u00e0 trong ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t ng\u00f4i chung c\u01b0 n\u01a1i tr\u00ean 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng; c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 s\u01a1 t\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng[19][20]. M\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Berlin. Tuy m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 v\u1ee5 Rostock, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ecf v\u1ebb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y; 15.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c[21]. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Rostock, \u00f4ng Klaus Kilimann, \u0111ang \u0111i ngh\u1ec9 m\u00e1t m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u th\u00eam v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t can thi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm h\u01a1n; \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a bang, nh\u01b0ng sau khi ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c \u00e9p, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1993[22].<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 80 H\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy m\u00f4 kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u00e0 con Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0: VIFI \u1edf Bochum, H\u1ed9i Doanh nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c; H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Berlin, H\u1ed9i C\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i Berlin \u2013 Brandenburg, H\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf Berlin, H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u00e0ng An, H\u1ed9i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u1ed9i Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eeb T\u00e2m Berlin; H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf Brandenburg; H\u1ed9i Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng \u1edf Rostock; H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a Leipzig, Magdeburg, Dresden v\u00e0 Chemnitz; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Thanh Ho\u00e1, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, H\u1ed9i Kinh B\u1eafc; Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Xu\u00e2n, Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1-Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng…C\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam mong mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam-\u0110\u1ee9c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ph\u00e9p. C\u00e1c H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 con Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 con Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao[23].<\/p>\n
B\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c<\/h4>\n
T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 6 b\u0103ng nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m 150 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Berlin n\u0103m 1996. Ch\u1ec9 5 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1996 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 15 v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y[24]. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u1ed5 c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m v\u00e0 sang b\u0103ng l\u1eadu. N\u0103m 1994, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i cho $65 tri\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n “t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n”, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn 67 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay v\u00ec 2500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n[24]. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0110\u1ee9c tin r\u1eb1ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1ecf ra mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng khi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p cao t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam[24].<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f4ng. Theo con s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 40.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang \u0110\u1ee9c theo di\u1ec7n thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 l\u00e0m \u0103n, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, giao l\u01b0u, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 do c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c[23].<\/p>\n
D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c; 25% l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em 15 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, 63% gi\u1eefa 15 v\u00e0 45 tu\u1ed5i, v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 10% \u1edf d\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 45 \u0111\u1ebfn 65 v\u00e0 2% tr\u00ean 65 tu\u1ed5i[25]. 10.000 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Berlin, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam[26][27]. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 nam n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Philippines c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i[10].<\/p>\n
H\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 5.000 sinh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. Qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn sinh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao[28].<\/p>\n
H\u1ecdc sinh g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec h\u1ecd si\u00eang n\u0103ng, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch cao. Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho th\u1ea5y, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Gymnasium (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y t\u00fa t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc) r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc Olaf Beuchling d\u1ef1a theo con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh ra r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Gymnasium n\u00f3i chung t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 59% trong khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 43%.[29]. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt n\u1ebfu ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n di c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Gymnasien th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang Rheinland-Pfalz trong kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 2011\/2012 c\u00f3 41,1% h\u1ecdc sinh \u0110\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc sang Gymnasium trong khi s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 21,9%).[30]<\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
Sau khi m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t b\u00e1n d\u1ea1o ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 l\u1eadu, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p[25]. Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1993 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i; t\u1ea1i Berlin m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh hung m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecda s\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1994, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh hung ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t; tr\u00ean 85 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u1edf Berlin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 5 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t[31].<\/p>\n
Sau l\u1eddi th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1993 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa, c\u00e0ng th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang v\u00ec \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c \u00edt \u1ecfi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ti\u1ec7m hoa v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a[32]. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a r\u1ebb t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u gia \u0111\u00ecnh; tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n[33].<\/p>\n
V\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 1.057 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p[32].<\/p>\n
Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 8.000 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ri\u00eang Berlin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 1.500 doanh nghi\u1ec7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd t\u1ea1i Ph\u00f2ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c bang ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd kinh doanh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, du l\u1ecbch, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf v.v. \u1ede ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0[23].<\/p>\n
Chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
Ngay sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd[32]. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c mi\u1ec1n Nam d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng ki\u00ean quy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111au bu\u1ed3n cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n[34][35]. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u00edt c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 25 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch. Sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ean T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Mi\u1ec1n Nam) th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc) th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng.[36]<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n con ch\u00e1u nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam; trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, cha m\u1eb9 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp nhanh h\u01a1n; k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i, trong khi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu[37]. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o Die Zeit, sau 20 n\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch \u0111ang vi\u1ebft n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00ec trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh t\u1eed t\u1ebf khi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c[38].<\/p>\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
Theo \u00f4ng Hans-J\u00f6rg Brunner, \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7n l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam: “\u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1edf t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c”[28].<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n\n- Philipp R\u00f6sler, c\u1ef1u Ph\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ee9c<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u1eb7ng Ng\u1ecdc Long, Nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, Di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh<\/li>\n
- Marcel Nguyen, V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5<\/li>\n
- Phan Th\u1ecb Minh Khai, Di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n<\/li>\n
- Jenny-Mai Nuyen, Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a ki\u1ec3u Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c \u1edf Hannover, Niedersachsen, ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang coi qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c[39].<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n; t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1999, c\u00f3 12.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c[40]. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp L\u1ec5 Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ed1ng (kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 6), ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean t\u1ea1i Aschaffenburg g\u1ea7n Frankfurt am Main, \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n 35 n\u0103m [41].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 m\u1edf Wikipedia Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2203","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n
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<\/a>![\"cho](\"https:\/\/tim-ban-bon-phuong.vietdating.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/cho-Dong-Xuan-tai-Duc.jpg\")
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